Understanding Glaucoma
Glaucoma is a group of eye diseases in which the pressure inside the eye (intra ocular pressure/ IOP) rises gradually weakening the optic nerve. The optic nerve is the nerve responsible for vision thus once it is weakened it would lead to the gradual loss of vision and sometimes total blindness.The pressure in the eye is maintained by a fluid called aqueous humour. This fluid is produced inside the eye(these are not tears) and drains through fine channels. If these drainage channels are blocked or the eye produces too much of this fluid then the pressure of the eye rises.
Risk Factors
Many Risk Factors Exist For The Development Of Glaucoma. Some Of These Include:
Sudden fluctuations in eye pressure
ageing African American are prone along with Hispanic and Asians.
Having a blood relative with glaucoma
Decreased central corneal thickness
Blunt eye trauma
Inflammatory eye conditions
In case of one or more of the glaucoma risk factors listed above patient should visit an eye care professional for a full glaucoma exam. Early detection and treatment of high eye pressure is the best defence against glaucoma.
Different Types of Glaucoma
Primary Open Angle Glaucoma (POAG): Progresses slowly with gradual loss of vision. Patient is often unaware as the straight ahead vision and reading vision might remain unaffected initially. Some patients have POAG but have normal eye pressure this is called as Normal Tension Glaucoma. This type of glaucoma responds well to treatment with anti-glaucoma eye drops. If they fail, surgery to reduce eye pressure may be necessary.
Angle Closure Glaucoma(ACG): An acute angle closure attack of the eye may present with decreased vision, haloes around lights, eyeache, headache, nausea and/or vomiting. The initial intraocular pressure is reduced by medical treatment, laser treatment(Peripheral Iridotomy/PI) is done. If these fail then surgery is necessary. A laser treatment in the fellow eye is done to prevent the chance of similar attack.
Congenital Glaucoma: This type of glaucoma is rare and occurs at birth or soon after. Enlargement of the eyes, watering, unusual sensitivity to light or haziness. Surgical treatment is the only intervention and should be done as early as possible.
Secondary Glaucoma: The pressure of the eye rises because of conditions in the eye like
Glaucoma Treatment
Glaucoma cannot be cured. It can only be controlled reasonably by reducing eye pressure by:
Medicines
Lasers (peripheral iridotomy etc)
Surgery ( trabeculectomy, glaucoma valves/shunts) for creating an aqueous outflow bypass.
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